Nusantara Journal of Behavioral and Social Science

How Reliable, How Certain? A Bayesian Reliability Analysis of the Short Dark Tetrad (SD4) Among Indonesian University Students

Aflah Zakinov Irta — 2026-07-29

The Dark Tetrad (subclinical narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and sadism) is a central framework in personality psychology and is studied across clinical, organisational, and forensic contexts. The Short Dark Tetrad (SD4) has been adapted into several languages, but Indonesian studies have reported its reliability only as point estimates, without quantifying estimation uncertainty. This study therefore estimated the internal-consistency reliability of the Indonesian SD4 within a Bayesian framework. Responses from 289 Indonesian university students were analysed in JASP (1,000 MCMC samples; 50 burn-in) through a four-step sequence: MCMC trace plots, Posterior Predictive Check (PPP) eigenvalue plots, Bayesian single-factor fit diagnostics, and McDonald's ω posterior distributions with 95% Bayesian credible intervals (BCI). All chains converged, the eigenvalue evidence supported a dominant single factor (F1/F2 ratio = 2.5 to 3.6), and model fit was adequate to excellent (B-CFI = .905 to .965). Reliability was good for Sadism (ω = .813) and Narcissism (ω = .808) and acceptable for Machiavellianism (ω = .725) and Psychopathy (ω = .717). The Indonesian SD4 therefore shows acceptable-to-good internal-consistency reliability, reported here with explicit uncertainty and accompanied by a reproducible Bayesian reporting template. Because this evidence concerns reliability rather than validity, it supports research use in university-student samples, whereas high-stakes application will require further validity and measurement-invariance evidence.

Abstrak: Dark Tetrad (narsisisme subklinis, Machiavellianisme, psikopati, dan sadisme) merupakan kerangka sentral dalam psikologi kepribadian dan dikaji pada konteks klinis, organisasi, serta forensik. Short Dark Tetrad (SD4) telah diadaptasi ke dalam beberapa bahasa, tetapi studi di Indonesia baru melaporkan reliabilitasnya sebagai estimasi titik tanpa mengukur ketidakpastian estimasi. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini mengestimasi reliabilitas konsistensi internal SD4 versi Indonesia dalam kerangka Bayesian. Data dari 289 mahasiswa Indonesia dianalisis menggunakan JASP (1.000 sampel MCMC; burn-in 50) melalui empat langkah berurutan: plot jejak (trace plot) MCMC, plot nilai eigen Posterior Predictive Check (PPP), diagnostik kecocokan model faktor tunggal Bayesian, dan distribusi posterior ω McDonald beserta interval kredibel Bayesian 95% (BCI). Seluruh rantai konvergen, bukti nilai eigen mendukung satu faktor dominan (rasio F1/F2 = 2,5 hingga 3,6), dan kecocokan model tergolong memadai hingga sangat baik (B-CFI = 0,905 hingga 0,965). Reliabilitas tergolong baik untuk Sadisme (ω = 0,813) dan Narsisisme (ω = 0,808), serta dapat diterima untuk Machiavellianisme (ω = 0,725) dan Psikopati (ω = 0,717). Dengan demikian, SD4 versi Indonesia menunjukkan reliabilitas konsistensi internal yang dapat diterima hingga baik, dilaporkan disertai ketidakpastian yang eksplisit dan templat pelaporan Bayesian yang dapat direproduksi. Karena bukti ini menyangkut reliabilitas, bukan validitas, temuan ini mendukung penggunaan untuk keperluan penelitian pada sampel mahasiswa, sedangkan penerapan berisiko tinggi memerlukan bukti validitas dan invariansi pengukuran lebih lanjut.

Understanding Work Stress and Work-Life Balance among Generation Z Employees in the Modern Workplace

Rifqi Firmansyah Gunawan — 2026-07-29

The background of this study is based on the increasing importance of work-life balance for generation Z amid increasingly complex work demands that have the potential to cause job stress. This study aims to examine the relationship between job stress and work-life balance among Generation Z employees. The background of this research is based on the increasing importance of work-life balance for Gen Z, alongside the rising demands of modern work environments that may trigger job stress. This study employed a quantitative approach with a correlation survey design involving 218 Gen Z employees years. Data were collected using a job stress scale adapted from Hadiyanti (2025) and a work-life balance scale adapted from Gunawan et al. (2019). The analysis in this study used Spearman correlation. The results show a significant relationship between job stress and work-life balance (r = 0,695, p < 0,05), indicating a very strong positive correlation. This finding indicates a significant positive association between work stress and work-life balance among Gen Z employees. However, the findings should be interpreted cautiously because the study did not directly assess whether the observed work stress reflects eustress or distress.

Abstrak: Latar belakang penelitian ini didasarkan pada meningkatnya pentingnya work-life balance bagi generasi Z di tengah tuntutan kerja yang semakin kompleks dan berpotensi menimbulkan stress kerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara stres kerja dan work-life balance pada karyawan Generasi Z. Latar belakang penelitian ini didasarkan pada meningkatnya pentingnya work-life balance bagi generasi Z di Tengah tuntutan kerja yang semakin kompleks dan berpotensi menimbulkan stres kerja. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan kuantitatif dengan desain survei korelasional yang melibatkan 218 karyawan generasi Z berusia 18-28 tahun. Pengumpulan data dilakukan menggunakan skala stress kerja yang diadaptasi Hadiyanti (2025) serta skala work-life balance yang diadaptasi dari Gunawan et al. (2019). Analisa dalam penelitian ini menggunakan korelasi Spearman. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara stress kerja dan work-life balance (r = 0,695 ; p < 0,05) dengan kekuatan hubungan yang sangat kuat dan arah positif. Temuan ini menunjukkan adanya hubungan positif yang signifikan antara stres kerja dan work-life balance pada karyawan Gen Z. Namun, temuan tersebut perlu diinterpretasikan secara hati-hati karena penelitian ini tidak secara langsung mengukur apakah stres kerja yang diamati merefleksikan eustress atau distress.

Scrolling into Crisis: Social Comparison as a Predictor of Quarter-Life Crisis among Emerging Adults on TikTok

Syafira Suniyah Nur Fahmi — 2026-08-03

The rapid development of social media, particularly TikTok, has increased social comparison among emerging adults. Algorithm-driven content often presents curated portrayals of success, ideal lifestyles, and appearance, which may influence users’ self-evaluations. During emerging adulthood, a phase marked by identity exploration and instability, such exposure may contribute to psychological distress, including quarter-life crisis. This study aimed to examine social comparison as a predictor of quarter-life crisis among TikTok users. A quantitative correlational design was employed with 116 emerging adults in Bekasi City selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using social comparison and quarter-life crisis scales with acceptable psychometric properties. Data were analyzed using simple linear regression. The results showed that social comparison significantly predicted quarter-life crisis (p < .001), with an R² value of 0.651, indicating that 65.1% of the variance in quarter-life crisis is explained by social comparison. These findings indicate that social comparison contributes substantially to vulnerability to quarter-life crisis. The study emphasizes the importance of media literacy and self-regulation to mitigate its negative psychological impact.

Abstrak: Perkembangan pesat media sosial, khususnya TikTok, telah meningkatkan kecenderungan perbandingan sosial pada dewasa awal. Konten berbasis algoritma sering menampilkan gambaran yang telah dikurasi mengenai kesuksesan, gaya hidup ideal, dan penampilan, yang dapat memengaruhi evaluasi diri pengguna. Pada masa dewasa awal, yang ditandai dengan eksplorasi identitas dan ketidakstabilan, paparan tersebut dapat berkontribusi pada tekanan psikologis, termasuk quarter-life crisis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji perbandingan sosial sebagai predictor quarter-life crisis pada pengguna TikTok. Pendekatan kuantitatif dengan desain korelasional digunakan pada 116 dewasa awal di Kota Bekasi yang dipilih melalui purposive sampling. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan skala perbandingan sosial dan quarter-life crisis yang memiliki kualitas psikometrik yang memadai. Analisis data dilakukan dengan regresi linear sederhana. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa perbandingan sosial berpengaruh signifikan terhadap quarter-life crisis (p < 0,001), dengan nilai R² sebesar 0,651, yang berarti 65,1% variasi quarter-life crisis dijelaskan oleh perbandingan sosial. Temuan ini menegaskan pentingnya literasi media dan regulasi diri untuk mengurangi dampak psikologis negatif.

Contribution of Negative Life Events to the Emergence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Among Internally Displaced Persons in Cameroon

Hassan Njifon Nsangou — 2026-08-30

This study examines the contribution of negative life events to the development of post-traumatic stress disorder among internally displaced persons affected by the socio-political crisis in the North-West and South-West regions of Cameroon. The sample consisted of ten participants living in an informal resettlement site, exposed to prolonged precarious living conditions and repeated traumatic experiences. A mixed-method approach was employed, combining semi-structured clinical interviews with standardized assessment scales. Results from the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form indicated that 70% of participants experienced at least one form of childhood maltreatment or neglect, primarily emotional and physical, with some cases of severe sexual abuse. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised revealed clinically significant post-traumatic distress among all participants. Qualitative analysis highlighted the use of various defense mechanisms (denial, dissociation, projection, displacement, social withdrawal, repression, regression) mobilized to regulate emotional intensity and preserve psychological stability. Life trajectories were characterized by cumulative stressors (early losses, abuse, economic hardship, family conflicts, bereavement) interacting with childhood trauma. Clinical manifestations included intrusive memories, nightmares, phobias, sleep disturbances, and emotional instability. The study emphasizes the importance of integrative psychosocial interventions that consider the overall life course of internally displaced persons.

Children in the Digital Age: Health, Behavioral, Learning Impacts, and Management Strategies

Rishikesh Upadhyay — 2026-08-30

The growing reliance on digital technology among children and adolescents is becoming a noticeable global trend. While these technologies offer valuable opportunities to enhance learning and modernize educational practices, they also disrupt traditional methods and reshape how young people interact, think, and develop. Digital tools are not only embedded in everyday life-they are actively transforming social relationships, personal identities, and even our understanding of what it means to be human in a digitally connected world. As these technologies continue to influence behavior, health, and education, it is crucial to examine both their potential benefits and unintended consequences. This article explores how deeply digital technologies are impacting children’s development, highlighting the complex and evolving role they play in shaping the future of society. The findings have important practical implications for parents, schools, teachers, and policymakers, emphasizing the need to promote balanced digital engagement, strengthen digital literacy, and develop evidence-informed policies that support children's healthy development and well-being.

Artificial Intelligence: A Transformative Solution to Educational Accessibility Issues for Learners with Special Needs

Ajibade Isaac Olufisayo — 2026-08-30

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is creating new opportunities to improve educational accessibility for learners with special needs and disabilities. However, barriers such as inaccessible learning materials, communication difficulties, inflexible instruction, inadequate assistive technologies, limited teacher competence, poor infrastructure, and unequal technology access continue to restrict participation. This paper examines AI as a transformative solution to these challenges, focusing on learners with visual, hearing, intellectual, communication, learning, physical, autism, multiple, and emotional or behavioural disabilities. It discusses applications including computer vision, speech recognition, adaptive learning, intelligent tutoring, natural language processing, generative AI, personalised learning, and AI-supported assessment. Despite its potential to improve accessibility, communication, engagement, and independence, concerns remain regarding bias, privacy, affordability, infrastructure, and ethical governance. The paper advocates human-centred, inclusive, and equitable AI implementation.