Exploring the Relationship Between Parenting Styles and Callous-Unemotional Traits in Early Adolescents
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the tendency of Callous-Unemotional (CU) traits in early adolescents based on their perceptions of parental parenting styles, specifically authoritarian, democratic, and permissive. The study employs a comparative method with a cross-sectional design. The sample comprises 236 middle school students in Pati Regency, selected using cluster random sampling. Data were collected using two scales: the Callous Unemotional Traits scale and the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ), both of which have been validated for reliability. The results indicate significant differences in CU traits among adolescents based on the type of parenting style (p less than 0.05). Adolescents with authoritarian parenting tend to exhibit higher CU traits compared to those with democratic and permissive parenting styles. Democratic parenting generally results in lower CU traits, while permissive parenting shows varied outcomes. These findings support Baumrind's theory, which suggests that authoritarian parenting, characterized by strict control and lack of freedom, can hinder children's emotional and social development. The practical implications of this study highlight the importance of developing effective parenting strategies by parents and educators to reduce the tendency of CU traits in adolescents. Future research is recommended to involve larger and more diverse samples and to utilize a longitudinal design to better understand the development of CU traits over time.
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kecenderungan sifat Callous-Unemotional (CU) pada remaja awal berdasarkan persepsi mereka terhadap pola asuh orang tua, yaitu otoriter, demokratis, dan permisif. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode komparatif dengan desain cross-sectional. Sampel terdiri dari 236 siswa SMP di Kabupaten Pati yang dipilih menggunakan teknik cluster random sampling. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan dua skala: Skala Callous Unemotional Traits dan Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ), yang telah diuji validitas dan reliabilitasnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan signifikan dalam kecenderungan CU Traits pada remaja berdasarkan tipe pola asuh orang tua (p kurang dari 0,05). Remaja dengan pola asuh otoriter menunjukkan kecenderungan CU Traits yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan remaja yang mendapatkan pola asuh demokratis dan permisif. Pola asuh demokratis cenderung menghasilkan remaja dengan CU Traits yang lebih rendah, sementara pola asuh permisif menunjukkan hasil yang bervariasi. Temuan ini mendukung teori Baumrind yang menyatakan bahwa pola asuh otoriter yang ditandai dengan kontrol yang ketat dan kurangnya kebebasan dapat menghambat perkembangan emosional dan sosial anak. Implikasi praktis dari penelitian ini adalah pentingnya pengembangan strategi pengasuhan yang efektif oleh orang tua dan pendidik untuk mengurangi kecenderungan CU Traits pada remaja. Penelitian selanjutnya direkomendasikan untuk melibatkan sampel yang lebih besar dan lebih beragam serta menggunakan desain longitudinal untuk memahami perkembangan CU Traits dari waktu ke waktu.
References
Aini, S. Q.. (2018). Fenomena kekerasan di sekolah (school bullying) pada remaja di Kabupaten Pati. Jurnal Litbang: Media Informasi Penelitian, Pengembangan Dan IPTEK, 12(1), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.33658/jl.v12i1.52
Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56-95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431691111004
Buri, J. R. (1991). Parental authority questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57(1), 110-119. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5701_13
Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113(3), 487-496. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.487
Davis, K., & Koepke, L. (2016). Risk and protective factors associated with cyberbullying: Are relationships or rules more protective? Learning Media and Technology, 41(4), 521-545.
Essau, C. A., Sasagawa, S., & Frick, P. J. (2006). Callous-unemotional traits in a community sample of adolescents. Assessment, 13(4), 454-469. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191106287354
Finkelhor, D. (2014). Childhood victimization: Violence, crime, and abuse in the lives of young people. Oxford University Press.
Fontaine, N. M., Rijsdijk, F. V., McCrory, E. J., & Viding, E. (2010). Etiology of different developmental trajectories of callous-unemotional traits. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(7), 656-664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.03.014
Frick, P. J., & White, S. F. (2008). Research review: The importance of callous-unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(4), 359-375. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01862.x
Frick, P. J., Cornell, A. H., Barry, C. T., Bodin, S. D., & Dane, H. E. (2003). Callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems in the prediction of conduct problem severity, aggression, and self-report of delinquency. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31(4), 457–470. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023899703866
Frick, P. J., Ray, J. V., Thornton, L. C., & Kahn, R. E. (2014). Can callous-unemotional traits enhance the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of serious conduct problems in children and adolescents? A comprehensive review. Psychological Bulletin, 140(1), 1-57. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033076
Frick, P. J., Cornell, A. H., Barry, C. T., Bodin, S. D., & Dane, H. E. (2003). Callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems in the prediction of conduct problem severity, aggression, and self-report of delinquency. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31(4), 457-470. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023899703866
Frick, P. J., Ray, J. V., Thornton, L. C., & Kahn, R. E. (2014). Can callous-unemotional traits enhance the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of serious conduct problems in children and adolescents? A comprehensive review. Psychological Bulletin, 140(1), 1-57. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033076
Goulter, N., Kimonis, E. R., & Corr, P. J. (2021). A longitudinal study of callous-unemotional traits in children: Associations with parental discipline and conduct problems. Development and Psychopathology, 33(2), 509-522. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579419000330
Hawes, D. J., Dadds, M. R., Frost, A. D., Hasking, A. (2011). Parenting practices and conduct problems in children with and without callous-unemotional traits. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 40(4), 507-518. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2011.581624
Hyde, L. W., Shaw, D. S., Gardner, F., Cheong, J., Dishion, T. J., & Wilson, M. (2016). Dimensions of callousness in early childhood: Links to problem behavior and family intervention effectiveness. Development and Psychopathology, 28(1), 225-239. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579415000458
Kotchick, B. A., & Forehand, R. (2002). Putting parenting in perspective: A discussion of the contextual factors that shape parenting practices. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 11(3), 255-269. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016863921662
Lahey, B. B. (2014). What we need to know about callous-unemotional traits: Comment on Frick, Ray, Thornton, and Kahn (2014). Psychological Bulletin, 140(1), 58-63. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033387
Lamborn, S. D., Mounts, N. S., Steinberg, L., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1991). Patterns of competence and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families. Child Development, 62(5), 1049-1065. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01588.x
López-Romero, L., Romero, E., & Villar, P. (2018). Different pathways of callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems: The role of emotional, cognitive, and parenting factors. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 49(3), 448-464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-017-0765-4
Lui, J. H. L., Barry, C. T., & Sacco, D. F. (2016). Callous-unemotional traits and empathy deficits: Mediating effects of affective perspective-taking and facial emotion recognition. Cognition and Emotion, 30(6), 1049-1062. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2015.1047327
Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (4th ed., Vol. 4, pp. 1-101). Wiley.
Muratori, P., Lochman, J. E., Manfredi, A., Milone, A., Polidori, C., Nocentini, A., & Masi, G. (2016). Callous-unemotional traits in children with disruptive behavior disorder: Predictors of developmental trajectories and adolescent outcomes. Psychiatry Research, 236, 35-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.12.029
Olweus, D. (2013). School bullying: Development and some important challenges. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 751-780. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185516
Rogers, R. (2012). Handbook of evidence-based practices for emotional and behavioral disorders: Applications in schools. Springer Publishing Company.
Rogness, J., Javors, J. R., & Pliszka, S. R. (2019). The relationship between callous-unemotional traits and social relationships in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47(4), 601-610. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-018-0437-6
Santosa, S., & Marheni, A. (2013). Pola asuh permisif dan dampaknya terhadap perkembangan anak. Jurnal Psikologi Pendidikan, 9(1), 23-35.
Sarifa, A. W., & Mahanani, F. K. (2020). Callous unemotional traits dan perundungan maya pada remaja. Intuisi: Jurnal Psikologi Ilmiah, 12(1), 103-112.
Steinberg, L. (2001). We know some things: Parent–adolescent relationships in retrospect and prospect. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/1532-7795.00001
Steinberg, L. (2014). Age of opportunity: Lessons from the new science of adolescence. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Viding, E., Blair, R. J. R., Moffitt, T. E., & Plomin, R. (2005). Evidence for substantial genetic risk for psychopathy in 7-year-olds. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(6), 592-597. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00393.x
Viding, E., Fontaine, N. M. G., & McCrory, E. J. (2012). Antisocial behavior in children with and without callous-unemotional traits. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 105(5), 808-820. https://doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.2011.110223
Waller, R., & Hyde, L. W. (2017). Callous–unemotional behaviors in early childhood: Measurement, meaning, and the influence of parenting. Child Development Perspectives, 11(2), 120-126. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12222
Waller, R., Gardner, F., & Hyde, L. W. (2013). What are the associations between parenting, callous-unemotional traits, and antisocial behavior in youth? A systematic review of evidence. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(4), 593-608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.03.001
Authors
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Article Details
