Status Hukum Saham sebagai Objek Wasiat Wajibah: Konsekuensi Yuridis terhadap Pencatatan pada Daftar Pemegang Saham (DPS)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47679/ib.20261610Keywords:
Daftar Pemegang Saham, Fiduciary Duty, Hukum Korporasi, Wasiat Wajibah, Waris SahamAbstract
Evolusi instrumen kekayaan dalam lanskap ekonomi global telah menggeser paradigma kepemilikan harta dari aset material berwujud menjadi aset finansial tak berwujud seperti saham perseroan. Pergeseran ini secara inheren menghadirkan kompleksitas baru dalam diskursus hukum kewarisan Islam dan hukum keperdataan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji secara komprehensif kedudukan hukum saham sebagai objek wasiat wajibah serta menganalisis secara mendalam konsekuensi yuridis dari peralihan hak atas saham tersebut terhadap kewajiban mutlak pencatatan pada Daftar Pemegang Saham (DPS). Melalui metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan kasus, analisis difokuskan pada benturan fundamental antara asas saisine yang dianut dalam hukum waris perdata maupun hukum Islam dengan asas publisitas dan pendaftaran konstitutif yang ditegakkan oleh Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas (UUPT). Hasil analisis membuktikan bahwa saham merupakan benda bergerak tak berwujud yang secara syariat maupun perdata sah menjadi objek wasiat wajibah, sejalan dengan manifestasi asas maqāṣid al-sharī'a dan doktrin istiḥsān guna memberikan pelindungan proporsional kepada ahli waris rentan dengan batas pembagian maksimal sepertiga dari total nilai harta peninggalan. Namun demikian, dalam tata kelola korporasi, eksekusi pemenuhan hak-hak kebendaan dan hak suara pemegang saham baru tidak dapat diejawantahkan sebelum dicatatkan secara resmi dalam DPS. Mengacu pada konstruksi yurisprudensi Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2845 K/Pdt/2017, kelalaian sengaja dari organ Direksi dalam mencatatkan peralihan saham karena hukum pewarisan atau wasiat wajibah dikualifikasikan sebagai perbuatan melawan hukum dan pelanggaran asas fiduciary duty, yang secara langsung melahirkan tanggung jawab renteng bagi Direksi.
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