Email this article 
(Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga, Indonesia)*corresponding author
AbstractUnderage marriage (UM) has increased globally, including in Indonesia. This was triggered by changes in the Marriage Law (UU) which increased the minimum age for women to marry from 16 to 19 years old and was followed by the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic. This study examines the psychological dynamics of society related to changes in the minimum age limit for marriage from the perspective of Religious Court judges in Indonesia. A descriptive qualitative approach was used by conducting semi-structured interviews with 20 judges from 16 Religious Courts in Indonesia who handle marriage dispensation cases. This process was followed by data collation, coding, classification, and analysed by the deductive thematic technique. As a result, participants conveyed the background of the age limit change and the public's reaction after the change. Some participants stated that the age limit change is not the authority of the court or judge. Some others said that the increase in the minimum age limit for marriage was carried out based on the risks behind underage marriage. These risks are psychological factors, reducing the number of UM cases, preventing divorce, gender equality, and reasons for education, work, and physical condition. Public showed various responses; obeying the rules, not knowing about the regulatory changes, and being against it. Basically, the new Marriage Law seeks to stop the UM trend. The government needs to conduct socialization about the age limit change and the risks of UM. Cooperation from various parties is also needed, especially from parents who need to pay more attention to their children.
KeywordsIndonesia; judge; marriage law; religious court; underage marriage
|
DOIhttps://doi.org/10.47679/jopp.719322025 |
Article metricsRead: 1068 | Download: 510 | Download: 699 |
Cite |
Full Text Download
Full Text Download
|
References
Abera, M., Nega, A., Tefera, Y., & Gelagay, A. A. (2020). Early marriage and women’s empowerment: the case of child-brides in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-020-00249-5
Al Akash, R., & Chalmiers, M. A. (2021). Early marriage among Syrian refugees in Jordan: exploring contested meanings through ethnography. Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 29(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2021.2004637
Amin, M., & Rosyidha, A. (2023). Implikasi Pernikahan Dini terhadap Kehidupan Individu Remaja. Journal of Elementary Education Edisi, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.32507/attadib.v7i3.2046
Apriyanti, D. A. (2021). Perlindungan Perempuan dan Pernikahan di Bawah Umur. PAMPAS: Journal of Criminal Law, 2(1), 115–124. https://doi.org/10.22437/pampas.v2i1.12676
Ashley, C., James, S., Williams, A., Calma, K., Mcinnes, S., Mursa, R., Stephen, C., & Halcomb, E. (2021). The psychological well-being of primary healthcare nurses during COVID-19: A qualitative study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 77(9), 3820–3828. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14937
Bartels, S. A., Michael, S., Roupetz, S., Garbern, S., Kilzar, L., Bergquist, H., Bakhache, N., Davison, C., & Bunting, A. (2018). Making Sense of Child, Early and Forced Marriage among Syrian Refugee Girls: A Mixed Methods Study in Lebanon.BMJ Global Health, 3(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000509
Bennett, L. R. (2014). Early Marriage, Adolescent Motherhood, and Reproductive Rights for Young Sasak Mothers in Lombok. Wacana, 15(1), 66–86.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Catania, G., Zanini, M., Hayter, M., Timmins, F., Dasso, N., Ottonello, G., Aleo, G., Sasso, L., & Bagnasco, A. (2021). Lessons from Italian front-line nurses’ experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative descriptive study. Journal of Nursing Management, 29(3), 404–411. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13194
Christian, J. H., & Edenela, K. (2019). Terampasnya Hak-Hak Perempuan Akibat Diskriminasi Batas Usia Perkawinan. Lex Scientia Law Review, 3(1), 1–14.
Collier, A., House, E., Helal, S., Michael, S., Davison, C. M., & Bartels, S. A. (2023). ‘Now, She’s a Child and She Has a Child’—Experiences of Syrian Child Brides in Lebanon after Early Marriage. Adolescents, 3(2), 212–227. https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents3020016
Diliminata. (2017). Pelaksanaan Dispensasi Perkawinan Sebagai Perwujudan Perlindungan Anak di Bawah Umur (Studi Putusan Nomor 34/PDT.P/2020/MS.SKL). Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Doyle, L., McCabe, C., Keogh, B., Brady, A., & McCann, M. (2020). An Overview of the Qualitative Descriptive Design within Nursing Research. Journal of Research in Nursing, 25(5), 443–455. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987119880234
Dwipayana, S. K. B., Nafisah, L., & Hariyadi, B. (2023). Faktor yang Memengaruhi Persepsi Remaja terhadap Pernikahan Dini di Kecamatan Bogor Selatan Kota Bogor. Jurnal Keluarga Berencana, 8(1), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.37306/kkb.v8i1.167
Elnizar, N. E. (2018). Bingung Mau Berperkara? Mari Kenali Jenis-Jenis Pengadilan di Indonesia. Retrieved from https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/bingung-mau-berperkara-mari-kenali-jenis-jenis-pengadilan-di-indonesia-lt5b4f09b41a4e1?page=2. Accessed October 27, 2022
Equality Now. (2014). Protecting the Girl Child. http://www.equalitynow.org/sites/default/files/Protecting_the_Girl_Child.pdf
Erdianto, K. (2018). Menteri Yohana: Di Papua, Banyak Anak Usia 10-16 Tahun Sudah Menikah. Kompas.
Erfina, E., Widyawati, W., McKenna, L., Reisenhofer, S., & Ismail, D. (2019). Exploring Indonesian adolescent women’s healthcare needs as they transition to motherhood: A qualitative study. Women and Birth, 32(6), e544–e551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2019.02.007
Fan, S., & Koski, A. (2022). The health consequences of child marriage: a systematic review of the evidence. BMC Public Health, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12707-x
Girls Not Brides. (2011, September). Girls Not Brides: The Global Partnership to End Child Marriage. Girls Not Brides.
Heryanti, R. (2021). Implementasi Perubahan Kebijakan Batas Usia Perkawinan. Jurnal Ius Constituendum, 6(1), 120-143. https://doi.org/10.26623/jic.v6i1.3190
Horii, H. (2020). Child Marriage as a ‘Solution’ to Modern Youth in Bali. Progress in Development Studies, 20(4), 282–295. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464993420977793
Hura, A., & Kakisina, S. M. (2022). Pengaruh Sosialisasi Perpajakan Terhadap Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah. JAMANE: Jurnal Akuntansi, Manajemen dan Ekonomi, 1(1), 174–181. https://doi.org/10.56248/jamane.v1i1.31
Irfan. (2019). Inilah Penyebab Pernikahan Usia Dini di Kabupaten Jayapura Melonjak. Lintas Papua. Retrieved from https://lintaspapua.com/2019/01/30/inilah-penyebab-pernikahan-usia-dini-di-kabupaten-jayapura-melonjak/. Accessed July 18, 2023
Julianto, V., Kamsi, Haq, A., Shofa, R. L., & Liem, A. (2022). Tick tick boom: The rise of child marriage in Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic. PsyArVix (Preprint), 1–49. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/m6der.
Kamal, S. M. M., Hassan, C. H. E. H., Alam, G. M., & Ying, Y. (2015). Child Marriage in Bangladesh: Trends and Determinants Child Marriage in Bangladesh. Journal of Biosocial Science, 47(1), 120–139. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932013000746
Kenelek, S., Poli, A. I., & Frank, S. A. K. (2020). Perkawinan Usia Dini Perempuan Korowai di Kampung Kabuage Distrik Firiwage Kabupaten Boven Digoel. Jurnal Antropologi Papua, 1(2), 81–103. https://doi.org/10.31957/jap.v1i2.1638
Kholidiyah, D., Sutomo, & Kushayati, N. (2021). Hubungan Persepsi Masyarakat tentang Vaksin Covid-19 dengan Kecemasan Saat Akan Menjalani Vaksinasi Covid-19. Jurnal Keperawatam, 1(4), 8. http://e-journal.lppmdianhusada.ac.id/index.php/jk/article/view/135
Kunardi, M., & Muzamil, H. M. (2014). Implikasi Dispensasi Perkawinan Terhadap Eksistensi Rumah Tangga di Pengadilan Agama Semarang Muhammad Kunardi, HM Mawardi Muzzamil. Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum, I(2).
Lahmi, A., Rasyid, A., Ritonga, M., & Saputar, R. (2020). The Role of Parents in Forming Morality Adolescents Puberty in Globalization Era. International Journal of Future Generation Communication and Networking, 13(4), 3991–3996. http://sersc.org/journals/index.php/IJFGCN/article/view/34669
Liem, A., Julianto, V., & Arini, K. (2023). Factors associated with child marriage during the COVID 19 pandemic in Indonesia. Contemporary Islam. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-023-00545-6
Lubis, A., Baharuddin, A., Meganingratna, A., Aulina Lubis, M., & Fajar Jalan Abdurahman Basalamah No, U. (2021). NGOs and Child Marriage Problem in Indonesia: Analysis of Issues, Strategies and Networks. Journal of Government and Political Studies, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.32662/gjgops.v4i1.1346
Malik, M. I., Nadeem, M., & Adil, S. M. (2022). Exploring the determinants of female early age marriages in Pakistan. Women’s Studies International Forum, 92(February), 102594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2022.102594
Montazeri, S., Gharacheh, M., Mohammadi, N., Alaghband Rad, J., & Eftekhar Ardabili, H. (2016). Determinants of Early Marriage from Married Girls’ Perspectives in Iranian Setting: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2016(Article ID 8615929), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8615929
Najjarnejad, N., & Bromfield, N. (2022). Professional stakeholders’ perceptions of child marriage in Lebanon among Syrian refugees. Children and Youth Services Review, 140(July), 106592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106592
Naveed, S. (2015). Causes and Consequences of Child Marriages in South Asia: Pakistan’s Perspective. Ournal of South Asian Studies, 30(2), 161–175. http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/csas/PDF/10 Khalid Manzoor Butt_30_2.pdf%5Cnpapers2://publication/uuid/E7B5E366-E7D6-4EC2-A229-4A1616F691E4
Nurhandayani, F. (2022). Optimalisasi Fungsi Keluarga Dalam Pencegahan Fenomena Kehamilan Yang Tidak Diinginkan Pada Remaja. Jurnal Comm-Edu 5(1), 2615–1480.
Psaki, S. R., Melnikas, A. J., Haque, E., Saul, G., Misunas, C., Patel, S. K., Ngo, T., & Amin, S. (2021). What Are the Drivers of Child Marriage? A Conceptual Framework to Guide Policies and Programs. Journal of Adolescent Health, 69(6), S13–S22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.09.001
Rahmawati, M., & Nuraeni, H. A. (2021). Peran Dispensasi Kawin dalam Peningkatan Angka Pernikahan Dini di Wilayah Kotamadya Jakarta Barat. Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam, 6(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v6i1.1578
Raj, A., Salazar, M., Jackson, E. C., Wyss, N., McClendon, K. A., Khanna, A., Belayneh, Y., & McDougal, L. (2019). Students and brides: A qualitative analysis of the relationship between girls’ education and early marriage in Ethiopia and India. BMC Public Health, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6340-6
Rondonuwu, D. J., Bokian, G. M., & Kasingku, D. (2024). Peran Keluarga Dalam Mengatasi Dampak Negatif Dari Pergaulan Bebas. 10(3), 910–919. https://doi.org/10.31949/educatio.v10i3.8497
Sandelowski, M. (2010). What’s in a Name? Qualitative Description Revisited. Research in Nursing & Health, 33(1), 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20362
Santrock, J. W. (2013). Adolescence (Fifteenth). McGraw-Hill Education.
Santrock, J. W. (2007). Perkembangan Anak. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Searby, A., & Burr, D. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on alcohol and other drug nurses’ provision of care: A qualitative descriptive study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 30(11–12), 1730–1741. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15732
Singh, R., Goli, S., & Singh, A. (2022). Armed conflicts and girl child marriages: A global evidence. Children and Youth Services Review, 137(January), 106458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106458
Suryadi, B., & Ahmad, B. A. (2020). Early Marriage in Rural South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Talent Development & Excellence, 12(1), 4707–4718.
Susilo, S., Istiawati, N. F., Aliman, M., & Alghani, M. Z. (2021). Investigation of Early Marriage: A Phenomenology Study in the Society of Bawean Island, Indonesia. Journal of Population and Social Studies, 29, 544–562. https://doi.org/10.25133/JPSSv292021.034
Tisdall, E. K. M., & Cuevas-Parra, P. (2020). Challenges for children’s participation: Child activism for ending child marriage. Children and Youth Services Review, 108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104568
Tomar, S., Johns, N., Challa, S., Brooks, M. I., Aliou, S., Abdoul-Moumouni, N., Raj, A., & Silverman, J. (2021). Associations of Age at Marriage With Marital Decision-Making Agency Among Adolescent Wives in Rural Niger. Journal of Adolescent Health, 69(6), S74–S80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.08.007
UNFPA. (2012). Marrying too young : end child marriage. United Nations Population Fund. https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/MarryingTooYoung.pdf
UNICEF. (2020). Child Marriage. https://www.unicef.org/protection/child-marriage
UU RI. (1974). Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 Tentang Perkawinan. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/47406/uu-no-1-tahun-1974
UU RI. (2002). Undang-undang (UU) No. 23 Tahun 2002 Tentang Perlindungan Anak. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/44473/uu-no-23-tahun-2002
UU RI. (2009). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 50 Tahun 2009 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1989 tentang Peradilan Agama. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/38795/uu-no-50-tahun-2009
UU RI. (2019). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/8e6an
Vaismoradi, M., & Snelgrove, S. (2019). Theme in qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung, 20(3). https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-20.3.3376
Verawati, M., Kartikasari, D., Mariza, N., Yulianti, R., Wicaksono, B., & Ria, N. A. (2021). Perkawinan Bukan Untuk Anak: Potret Perkawinan Anak di 7 Daerah Paska Perubahan UU Perkawinan. Yayasan Plan International Indonesia (Plan Indonesia) Koalisi Perempuan Indonesia Untuk Keadilan Dan Demokrasi (KPI), 15–32. https://www.batukarinfo.com/system/files/Final_Laporan Studi Perkawinan Anak.pdf
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Very Julianto
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
All publications by the Utan Kayu Publishing [e-ISSN: 2715-4807, p-ISSN: 2715-4785] is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.