Published: 18 February 2026

High Hypertension Prevalence and Associated Factors in Urban Coastal Communities: A Cross-Sectional Study in Manado, Indonesia

  • Dr. dr. Jeini Ester Nelwan, S.Ked, M.Kes
  • Dr. Ir. Oksfriani Jufri Sumampouw, S.Pi, M.Kes, IPU, ASEAN Eng

Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026) | Pages: 61-68

DOI: 10.47679/makein.2026301   Reader: 145 times PDF Download: 107 times

Abstract

Hypertension is a major public health challenge in Indonesia, and urban coastal communities may experience compounded risk. This community-based cross-sectional study estimated hypertension prevalence and assessed factors associated with hypertension among adults in Manado City, North Sulawesi. Data were collected in September 2024 at three coastal primary healthcare centers (Puskesmas Bahu, Tuminting, and Bailang). Convenience sampling enrolled 150 adults, most of whom were aged ≥50 years (63.3%) and female (70.0%). Blood pressure was measured twice in a seated position after rest; the average was used to classify hypertension (systolic ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic ≥90 mmHg). Exposures included age, sex, family history, marital status, education, occupation, physical activity, and smoking. Associations were analyzed using modified Poisson regression with robust variance to estimate prevalence ratios (PR). Hypertension prevalence was 70.0% (105/150). In multivariable analyses, hypertension was associated with family history (PR=4.746; p=.035), marital status (PR=4.723; p=.046), education (PR=3.831; p=.034), physical activity (PR=5.523; p=.025), and smoking (PR=4.821; p=.047). Age, sex, and occupation were not statistically significant. These findings indicate a very high hypertension burden in urban coastal Manado and highlight priority targets for prevention and primary-care action, including risk-based screening, smoking cessation support, physical-activity promotion, and tailored health education.


Abstrak: Hipertensi merupakan tantangan kesehatan masyarakat utama di Indonesia, dan komunitas pesisir perkotaan dapat mengalami risiko yang berlapis. Studi potong lintang berbasis komunitas ini bertujuan mengestimasi prevalensi hipertensi dan menilai faktor-faktor yang berasosiasi dengan hipertensi pada orang dewasa di Kota Manado, Sulawesi Utara. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada September 2024 di tiga puskesmas wilayah pesisir (Puskesmas Bahu, Tuminting, dan Bailang). Dengan accidental (convenience) sampling, diperoleh 150 responden; sebagian besar berusia ≥50 tahun (63,3%) dan perempuan (70,0%). Tekanan darah diukur dua kali dalam posisi duduk setelah istirahat; nilai rerata digunakan untuk mengklasifikasikan hipertensi (sistolik ≥140 mmHg dan/atau diastolik ≥90 mmHg). Variabel paparan meliputi usia, jenis kelamin, riwayat keluarga, status perkawinan, pendidikan, pekerjaan, aktivitas fisik, dan merokok. Analisis asosiasi menggunakan regresi Poisson termodifikasi dengan varians robust untuk mengestimasi prevalence ratio (PR). Prevalensi hipertensi sebesar 70,0% (105/150). Dalam analisis multivariat, hipertensi berasosiasi dengan riwayat keluarga (PR=4,746; p=0,035), status perkawinan (PR=4,723; p=0,046), pendidikan (PR=3,831; p=0,034), aktivitas fisik (PR=5,523; p=0,025), dan merokok (PR=4,821; p=0,047). Usia, jenis kelamin, dan pekerjaan tidak signifikan. Temuan ini menunjukkan beban hipertensi yang sangat tinggi di Manado pesisir perkotaan dan menegaskan perlunya skrining berbasis risiko, dukungan berhenti merokok, promosi aktivitas fisik, serta edukasi kesehatan yang terarah di layanan primer.

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© The Author(s) 2026
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0), which permits others to share, adapt, and redistribute the material in any medium or format, even for commercial purposes, provided appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and the source, a link to the license is provided, and any changes made are indicated. If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/.

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Keywords

  • Hypertension
  • Prevalence ratio
  • Modified Poisson regression
  • Urban coastal communities
  • Indonesia

Author Information

Dr. dr. Jeini Ester Nelwan, S.Ked, M.Kes

Sam Ratulangi University, Indonesia.

Dr. Ir. Oksfriani Jufri Sumampouw, S.Pi, M.Kes, IPU, ASEAN Eng

Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Indonesia.

Article History

Submitted: 30 November 2025
Accepted: 17 February 2026
Published: 18 February 2026

How to Cite This

Nelwan, J. E., & Sumampouw, O. J. (2026). High Hypertension Prevalence and Associated Factors in Urban Coastal Communities: A Cross-Sectional Study in Manado, Indonesia. Majalah Kesehatan Indonesia, 7(1), 61–68. https://doi.org/10.47679/makein.2026301

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P-ISSN: 2745-6498
E-ISSN: 2745-8008

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