Suffering as Identity and Love as Moral Exception: A Reflexive Thematic Analysis of Twisted Love
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47679/jopp.8415702026Keywords:
Contemporary Romance Fiction, Cultural Psychology, Reflexive Thematic Analysis, Trauma and Healing, Twisted Love, popular romance fiction, trauma narratives, relational identity, moral disengagement, cultural scripts of intimacyAbstract
Although trauma, emotional regulation, and interpersonal relationships are widely examined in research, the psychological meanings embedded in popular fiction remain underexplored. This qualitative study employs reflexive thematic analysis (RTA) to analyse Twisted Love by Ana Huang as a psychologically meaningful cultural text. Four interrelated themes were constructed: pain as identity and resistance to healing, longing to be held without having to perform, loving through moral exception and destructive devotion, and reclaiming the self by refusing internalised blame. Results show how literary depictions of love emphasise suffering as identity, desire for unconditional acceptance, moral superiority, and self-reclamation by denying responsibility. These themes highlight moral disengagement in close relationships, attachment vulnerabilities, meaning-oriented coping, and agency in healing. It emphasises the importance of phenomenological and narrative approaches to comprehend intimacy, trauma, and selfhood outside of diagnostic or moralistic frameworks, enhancing understanding of how people actively create, defend, and change their inner worlds.
References
Assor, A., Roth, G., & Deci, E. L. (2004). The emotional costs of parents’ conditional regard: A self-determination theory analysis. Journal of Personality, 72(1), 47–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00256.x
Atran, S., & Ginges, J. (2012). Religious and sacred imperatives in human conflict. Science, 336(6083), 855–857. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1216902
Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(3), 193–209. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0303_3
Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. V., & Pastorelli, C. (1996). Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2), 364–374. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.364
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2019). Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 11(4), 589–597. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1628806
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). One size fits all? What counts as quality practice in (reflexive) thematic analysis? Qualitative Research in Psychology, 18(3), 328–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2020.1769238
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2022). Thematic analysis: A practical guide. SAGE.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2023). Toward good practice in thematic analysis: Avoiding common problems and be(com)ing a knowing researcher. International Journal of Transgender Health, 24(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2022.2129597
Bruner, J. S. (1990). Acts of meaning. Harvard University Press.
Burr, V. (2015). Social constructionism (3rd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315715421
Cassidy, J., & Shaver, P. R. (Eds.). (2018). Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.
Charmaz, K. (1995). The body, identity, and self: Adapting to impairment. The Sociological Quarterly, 36(4), 657–680. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1995.tb00459.x
Crocker, J., & Wolfe, C. T. (2001). Contingencies of self-worth. Psychological Review, 108(3), 593–623. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.108.3.593
Firth, K., Smith, K., Sakallaris, B. R., Bellanti, D. M., Crawford, C., & Avant, K. C. (2015). Healing, a concept analysis. Global Advances in Health and Medicine, 4(6), 44–50. https://doi.org/10.7453/gahmj.2015.056
Frank, A. W. (2013). The wounded storyteller: Body, illness, and ethics (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.
Freyd, J. J. (1996). Betrayal trauma: The logic of forgetting childhood abuse. Harvard University Press.
Garciano, S. G., Cuevas, G. C., Geraldizo-Pabriga, M. G., Macabodbod, S. J. J., Yu, J. M. B., & Pinote, M. J. A. (2023). Romance-themed novels: Influenced on relationship satisfaction. International Journal of Literature Studies, 3(3), 35–48. https://doi.org/10.32996/ijts.2023.3.3.5
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511
Holland, N. N. (1990). Holland’s guide to psychoanalytic psychology and literature-and-psychology. Oxford University Press.
Huang, A. (2021). Twisted love. Boba Press.
Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma. Free Press.
Kaftanski, W., & Hanson, J. (2022). Suffering, authenticity, and meaning in life: Toward an integrated conceptualization of well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 1079032. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1079032
Kirmayer, L. J., & Jarvis, G. E. (2019). Culturally responsive services as a path to equity in mental healthcare. HealthcarePapers, 18(2), 11–23. https://doi.org/10.12927/hcpap.2019.25925
Kumar, B., Shukla, A., & Tiwari, G. K. (2025). The theatre of deception: A psychological exploration of perception and control in Gone Girl. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 13(4), 2830–2836. https://doi.org/10.25215/1304.256
Lindquist, K. A., Jackson, J. C., Leshin, J., Satpute, A. B., & Gendron, M. (2022). The cultural evolution of emotion. Nature Reviews Psychology, 1(11), 669–681. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-022-00105-4
Litz, B. T., Stein, N., Delaney, E., Lebowitz, L., Nash, W. P., Silva, C., & Maguen, S. (2009). Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: A preliminary model and intervention strategy. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(8), 695–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.07.003
McAdams, D. P. (2001). The psychology of life stories. Review of General Psychology, 5(2), 100–122. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.5.2.100
Merritt, A. C., Effron, D. A., & Monin, B. (2010). Moral self-licensing: When being good frees us to be bad. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(5), 344–357. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00263.x
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2017). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
Modleski, T. (2008). Loving with a vengeance: Mass-produced fantasies for women (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203941102
Neimeyer, R. A. (Ed.). (2001). Meaning reconstruction & the experience of loss. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10397-000
Peltomäki, I. J. (2026). Meaningfulness, death, and suffering: Philosophy of meaning in life in the light of finitude. Human Arenas, 9, 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42087-023-00376-0
Radway, J. A. (1991). Reading the romance: Women, patriarchy, and popular literature. University of North Carolina Press.
Shead, V. L., Karel, M. J., & Trevino, K. M. (2021). Building on the legacy of Michael Duffy: A call to address aging as an important part of diversity. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 28(3), 263–266. https://doi.org/10.1037/cps0000027
Shweder, R. A. (1991). Thinking through cultures: Expeditions in cultural psychology. Harvard University Press.
Sullivan, D., Palitsky, R., & Young, I. F. (2018). The role of cultural beliefs and existential motivation in suffering perceptions. In B. T. Rutjens & M. J. Brandt (Eds.), Belief systems and the perception of reality (pp. 97–114). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315114903-7
Theron, L., & Ungar, M. (2023). Resilience in situational and cultural contexts. In S. Goldstein & R. B. Brooks (Eds.), Handbook of resilience in children (3rd ed., pp. 105–119). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14728-9_6
Thompson, R. A., Simpson, J. A., & Berlin, L. J. (2022). Taking perspective on attachment theory and research: Nine fundamental questions. Attachment & Human Development, 24(5), 543–560. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2022.2030132
Tiwari, G. K., Rai, P. K., Singh, A. K., & Shukla, A. (2025). Cultural perspectives on forgiveness. In G. Dutta, G. Misra, & S. Gupta (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology and Indian thought systems: Transforming education for well-being and happiness (pp. 181–201). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-4210-6_12
Tyson, L. (2012). Critical theory today: A user-friendly guide (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203479698
Yazell, B., Petersen, K., Marx, P., & Fessenbecker, P. (2021). The role of literary fiction in facilitating social science research. Humanities
and Social Sciences Communications, 8(1), Article 261. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00939-y
Zoromba, M. A., Selim, A., Ibrahim, A. M., Elsehrawy, M. G., Alkubati, S. A., Abousoliman, A. D., & EL-Gazar, H. E. (2024). Advancing trauma studies: A narrative literature review embracing a holistic perspective and critiquing traditional models. Heliyon, 10(16), e36257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36257
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Bhumika Patel, Bhunesh Kumar, Abhay Shukla, Gyanesh Kumar Tiwari

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Journal of Psychological Perspective (JOPP) is committed to promoting academic freedom and open access. To that end, we apply a copyright policy that empowers authors while ensuring the broad dissemination and responsible reuse of published work. More...
Submit Online


