Effects of Differential Stress and Mental Health on Substance Use among College Students

Authors

  • Avdi Avdija Indiana State University School of Criminology & Security Studies 620 Chestnut Street Terre Haute, IN 47809 United States, United States https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4681-6593
  • Arif Akgul Old Dominion University Sociology & Criminal Justice 6000 Batten Arts & Letters Bldg. Norfolk, VA 23529, United States https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7397-9000

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47679/jopp.8113232026

Keywords:

substance use, college stress, anxiety, depression

Abstract

Substance use among college students is often seen as a coping mechanism for some students who are prone to extreme stress, depression, or anxiety. Multiple forms of stress become the leading factors that push students toward substance use. This study tests the effects of college stressors, depression, and anxiety on substance use among college students. The results are based on the data that were collected using a 101-item questionnaire administered to 302 college students at a public university in the Midwest U.S.A. Using Logistic Regression as the primary data analysis technique, the findings of this study show that social stressors and time management stressors are the most significant predictors of substance use among college students. On the other hand, students scored very low on both depression and anxiety scales. These findings suggest that, in this context, depression and anxiety are not strong predictors of substance use among college students.

Author Biographies

Avdi Avdija, Indiana State University School of Criminology & Security Studies 620 Chestnut Street Terre Haute, IN 47809 United States

Dr. Avdija is a Professor of criminology and security studies, in the School of Criminology & Security Studies.

Arif Akgul, Old Dominion University Sociology & Criminal Justice 6000 Batten Arts & Letters Bldg. Norfolk, VA 23529

Dr. Arif Akgul is an Associate Professor in teh department of Sociology & Criminal Justice at the Old Dominion University.

References

Allan, C. A. (1995). Alcohol problems and anxiety disorders – a critical review. Alcohol & Alcoholism, 30(2), 145-151. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a045708.

American College Health Association. (2012). Reference group executive summary Fall 2011. Hanover, MD. Retrieved https://www.acha.org/documents/ncha/ACHA-NCHA-II_ReferenceGroup_ExecutiveSummary_Fall2011.pdf

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.

Anders, K. (2011). Stress and family relationships among college students. Poster presented at the 39th Annual Western Pennsylvania Undergraduate Psychology Conference, New Wilmington, PA.

Arria, A. M., Caldeira, K. M., Kasperski, S. J., OʼGrady, K. E., Vincent, K. B., Griffiths, R. R., & Wish, E. D. (2010). Increased alcohol consumption, nonmedical prescription drug use, and illicit drug use are associated with energy drink consumption among college students. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 4(2), 74–80. doi:10.1097/adm.0b013e3181aa8dd4.

Arria, A. M., & DuPont, R. L. (2010). Nonmedical prescription stimulant use among college students: Why we need to do something and what we need to do. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 29(4), 417–426. doi:10.1080/10550887.2010.509273.

Arria, A. M., Caldeira, K. M., Bugbee, B. A., Vincent, K. B., & O’Grady, K. E. (2013). The academic consequences of marijuana use during college. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27(4), 874–886. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033758

Avdija, A. S. (2018). College stress: Testing the unidimensionality of a standardized stress measuring inventory designed to assess stress among students. Journal of Children and Teenagers, 1(2), 68-83. doi: 10.22158/ct.v1n2p68.

Avdija, A. S. (2023). Substance Use and Stress-Induced Cognitive Impairment: The Causes of Anxiety and Depression among College Students. Journal of Drug Education. 51(3-4), 70-81. doi:10.1177/00472379221148384

Avdija, A. S., & Roy, S. (2013). Occupational exhaustion among prison staff: Multivariate analysis of correlates associated with emotional exhaustion. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 2(4), 1-12.

Baghurst, T. & Kelley, B. C. (2015). An examination of stress in college students over the course of a semester. Health Promotion Practice, 15(3), 438-447. doi:10.1177/1524839913510316.

Barbayannis, G., Bandari, M., Zheng, X., Baquerizo, H., Pecor, K. W., & Ming, X. (2022). Academic stress and mental well-being in college students: Correlations, affected groups, and COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 886344. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.886344

Batts, K. R. (2015). Association between subthreshold depression and alcohol misuse among college students. Unpublished Dissertation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh.

Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1990). Manual for the Beck anxiety inventory. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.

Beiter, R., Nash, R., McCrady, M., Rhoades, D., Linscomb, M., Clarahan, M. & Sammut, S. (2014). The prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and stress in a sample of college students. Journal of Affective Disorders, 173, 90-96.

Brady, K. T., & Randall, C. L. (1999). Gender differences in substance use disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 22(2), 241–252. doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70074-5.

Brady, K. T., & Sinha, R. (2005). Co-occurring mental and substance use disorders: The neurobiological effects of chronic stress. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(8), 1483–1493. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1483

Broman, C. L. (2005). Stress, race and substance use in college. College Student journal, 39(2), 340-352.

Book, S. W., & Randall, C. L. (2002). Social anxiety disorder and alcohol use. Alcohol Research & Health, 26(2), 130-135.

Buckner, J. D., Heimberg, R. G., Ecker, A. H., & Vinci, C. (2012). A biopsychosocial model of social anxiety and substance use. Depression and Anxiety, 30(3), 276-284.

Cotto, J. H., Davis, E., Dowling, G. J., Elcano, J. C., Staton, A. B., & Weiss, S. R. B. (2010). Gender effects on drug use, abuse and dependency: A special analysis of results from the national survey on drug use and health. Gender Medicine, 7(5), 402-413. doi:10.1016/j.genm.2010.09.004.

Cox, J. B., Norton, R. G., Swanson, R. P., & Endler, N. S. (1990). Substance abuse and panic-related anxiety: A critical review. Behavior Research and Therapy, 28(5), 385-393. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(90)90157-E.

Cranford, J. A., Eisenbert, D., & Serras, A. M. (2009). Substance use behaviors, mental health problems, and use of mental health services in a probability sample of college students. Addictive Behaviors, 34(2), 134-145. doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.09.004.

Cunningham-Williams, R. M., Jones, B. D., Butler-Barnes, S. T., Wells, A. A., Woodson. S. W., Johnson, S. D., & Pilar, M. R. (2018). Stress, stressors, and substance use: Differntial risk for hookah use among African American college students. Journal of ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 1-22. doi:10.1080/15332640.2018.1511492

DeSantis, A. D., Webb, E. M., & Noar, S. M. (2008). Illicit use of prescription ADHD medications on a college campus: A multimethodological approach. Journal of American College Health, 57(3), 315–324. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.57.3.315-324.

Dhingra, S. S., Kroenke, K., Zack, M. M., Strine, T. W., & Balluz, L. S. (2011). PHQ-8 Days: a measurement option for DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) severity. Population health metrics, 9, 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-7954-9-11.

Dishion, T. J., & Tipsord, J. M. (2011). Peer contagion in child and adolescent social and emotional development. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 189–214. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100412

Dyer, M. L., Easey, K. E., Heron, J., Hickman, M., Munafò, M. R., & Tilling, K. (2019). The relationship between illicit drug use and suicidal behaviour: A systematic review. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 54(4), 423–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-018-1633-8

Ford, J. A., & Arrastia, M. C. (2008). Pill-poppers and dopers: A comparison of non-medical prescription drug use and illicit/street drug use among college students. Addictive Behaviors, 33(7), 934-941.

Eisenberg, D., Golberstein, E., & Gollust, S. E. (2007). Help-seeking and access to mental health care in a university student population. Medical Care, 45(7), 594–601. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e31803bb4c1

Etkin, A., & Wager, T. D. (2007). Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: A meta-analysis of emotional processing in PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(10), 1476–1488. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07030504

Garlow, S. J., Rosenberg, J., Moore, J. D., Haas, A. P., Koestner, B., Hendin, H., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2008). Depression, desperation, and suicidal ideation in college students: Results from the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention College Screening Project at Emory University. Depression and Anxiety, 25(6), 482-488.

Gulec, H., Kilic, B. G., Ozturk, E., & Yildiz, S. (2021). Depression and substance use in university students: A cross-sectional study. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 17, 435–444. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S296363

Ham, L. S., Zamboanga, B. L., Bacon, A. K., & Garcia, T. A. (2009). Drinking motives as mediators of social anxiety and hazardous drinking among college students. Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 38(3), 133–145. doi:10.1080/16506070802610889.

Hingson, R. W., Heeren, T., Zakocs, R. C., Kopstein, A., & Wechsler, H. (2002). Magnitude of alcohol-related mortality and morbidity among U.S. college students ages 18-24. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63(2), 136–144. doi:10.15288/jsa.2002.63.136.

Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2007). Monitoring the future: National results on adolescent drug use. National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Kaminer, Y., & Winters, K. C. (2011). Clinical manual of adolescent substance abuse treatment. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.

Khan, S., & Khan, R.A. (2017). Chronic stress leads to anxiety and depression. Annals Psychiatry Mental Health 5(1), 1091.

Kloos, A., Weller, R. A., Chan, R., & Weller, E. B. (2009). Gender differences in adolescent substance abuse. Current Psychiatry Report, 11(2), 120-126.

Knight, J. R., Wechsler, H., Kuo, M., Seibring, M., Weitzman, E. R., & Schuckit, M. A. (2002). Alcohol abuse and dependence among U.S. college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63(3), 263–270. doi:10.15288/jsa.2002.63.263

Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 617–627. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617

Keychev, I., & Ebmeier, K. P. (2015). Anxiety in older adults often goes undiagnosed. Practitioner, 260(1789), 17-20.

Kroenk, K., Strine, T. W., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Berry, J. T., & Mokdad, A. H. (2009). The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 114(1) 163-173. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2008.06.026.

Kurt, D. G. (2015). Suicide risk in college students: The effects of internet addiction and drug use. Educational Sciences: Educational Science: Theory & Practice, 15(4), 841-848.

Lakhan, S. E., & Kirchgessner, A. (2012). Prescription stimulants in individuals with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Misuse, cognitive impact, and adverse effects. Brain and Behavior, 2(5), 661–677. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.78

Lesure-Lester, G. (2001). Dating competence, social assertion and social anxiety among college students. College Student Journal, 35(2), 317-320.

Levy, S., & Williams, J. F. (2018). Substance use screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment. Pediatrics, 138(1), e20161211. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1211

Lewinsohn, P. M., Gotlib, I. H., & Seeley, J. R. (1995). Adolescent psychopathology: IV. Specificity of psychosocial risk factors for depression and substance abuse in older adolescents. Journal of American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(9), 1221-1229. doi:10.1097/00004583-199509000-00021

Li, P., Yang, J., Zhou, Z., Zhao, Z., & Liu, T. (2022). The influence of college students’ academic stressors on mental health during COVID‑19: The mediating effect of social support, social well‑being, and self‑identity. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 917581. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.917581

Lipson, S. K., Gaddis, S. M., Heinze, J., Beck, K., & Eisenberg, D. (2016). Variations in student mental health and treatment utilization across US colleges and universities. Journal of American College Health, 64(6), 429–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2016.1177732

Lofgran, S. (2019). Substance abuse among college students in the United States. Ballard Brief, 9(1), 1-18.

Mahmoud, J. S. R., Staten, R. T., Hall. L. A., & Lennie, T. A. (2012). The relationship among young adult college students’ depression, anxiety, stress, demographics, life satisfaction, and coping styles. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 33(3), 149-156. doi:10.3109/01612840.2011.632708.

Maier, L. J., Liechti, M. E., Herzig, F., & Schaub, M. P. (2013). To dope or not to dope: Neuroenhancement with prescription drugs and drugs of abuse among Swiss university students. PLoS ONE, 8(11), 1-11. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077967.

Marshal, M. P., & Molina, B. S. G. (2006). Antisocial behaviors moderate the deviant peer pathway to substance use in adolescents. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 84(2), 193–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.02.005

Mason, W. A., Kosterman, R., Haggerty, K. P., Hawkins, J. D., Redmond, C., Spoth, R. L., & Shin, C. (2008). Dimensions of adolescent alcohol involvement as predictors of young-adult major depression. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69(2), 275–285. doi:10.15288/jsad.2008.69.275.

McCabe, S. E., Knight, J. R., Teter, C. J., & Wechsler, H. (2005). Non-medical use of prescription stimulants among US college students: Prevalence and correlates from a national survey. Addiction, 100(1), 96–106. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.00944.x

McCabe, S. E., Morales, M., Cranford, J. A., Delva, J., McPherson, M. D., & Boyd, C. J. (2007). Race/ethnicity and gender differences in drug use and abuse among college students. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 6(2), 75–95. doi:10.1300/j233v06n02_06

Miller, B. E., Miller, M. N., Verhegge, R., Linville, H. H., & Pumariega, A. J. (2002). Alcohol misuse among college athletes: Self-medication for psychiatric symptoms? Journal of Drug Education, 32(1), 41–52. doi:10.2190/jdfm-avak-g9fv-0myy.

Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (1992). Age and depression. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 33(3), 187-205.

Misra, R., & McKean, M. (2000). College students’ academic stress and its relation to their anxiety, time management, and leisure satisfaction. American Journal of Health Studies, 16(1), 41–51.

Newbury-Birch, D., Lowry, R. J., & Kamali, F. (2002). The changing patterns of drinking, illicit drug use, stress, anxiety and depression in dental students in a UK dental school: A longitudinal study. British Dental Journal, 192, 646-649. doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4801448.

Oberleitner, L. M., Tzilos, G. K., Zumberg, K. M., & Grekin, E. R. (2011). Psychotropic drug use among college students: Patterns of use, misuse, and medical monitoring. Journal of American College Health, 59(7), 658-661.

Oster-Aaland, L., Lewis, M. A., Neighbors, C., Vangsness, J., & Larimer, M. E. (2009). Alcohol poisoning among college students turning 21: Do they recognize the symptoms and how do they help? Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, Supplement, (16), 122–130. doi:10.15288/jsads.2009.s16.122.

Palmer, R. S., McMahon, T. J., Moreggi, D. I., Rounsaville, B. J., & Ball, S. A. (2012). College student drug use: Patterns, concerns, consequences, and interest in intervention. Journal of College Student Development, 53(1), 124–132. doi:10.1353/csd.2012.0014.

Pascoe, M. C., Hetrick, S. E., & Parker, A. G. (2020). The impact of stress on students in secondary school and higher education. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1), 104–112.

Pettit, M. L., & DeBarr, K. A. (2011). Perceived stress, energy drink consumption and academic performance among college students. Journal of American College Health, 59(5), 335-341. doi:10.1080/07448481.2010.510163.

Praag, V. H.M. (2004). Can stress cause depression? Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 28(5), 891–907. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.05.031

Putwain, D.W., Woods, K.A., & Symes, W. (2010). Personal and situational predictors of test anxiety of students in post compulsory education. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 80(1), 137-160. doi: 10.1348/000709909X466082.

Razykov, I., Ziegelstein, R. C., Whooley, M. A., & Thombs, B.D. (2012). The PHQ-9 versus the PHQ-8--is item 9 useful for assessing suicide risk in coronary artery disease patients? Data from the heart and soul study. Journal of Psychometric Research, 73(3), 163-168. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.06.001.

Rice, K. G., & Van Arsdale, A. C. (2010). Perfectionism, perceived stress, drinking to cope, and alcohol-related problems among college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57(4), 439–450. doi:10.1037/a0020221

Rimsza, M. E., & Moses, K. S. (2005). Substance abuse on college campus. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 52(1), 307-319. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2004.10.008.

Schuckit, M. A. (2006). Comorbidity between substance use disorders and psychiatric conditions. Addiction, 101(Suppl. 1), 76–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01592.x

Schulenberg, J. E., Patrick, M. E., Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Miech, R. A. (2021). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2020: Volume II, college students and adults ages 19–60. Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan.

Sinha, R. (2001). How does stress increase risk of drug abuse and relapse? Psychopharmacology, 158(4), 343-359. doi.org/10.1007/s002130100917

Sinha, R. (2008). Chronic stress, drug use, vulnerability to addiction. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1141(1), 105-130. doi: 10.1196/annals.1441.030.

Ste-Marie, C., Gupta, R., & Derevensky, J. L. (2006). Anxiety and social stress related to adolescent gambling behavior and substance use. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 15(4), 55-74. doi:10.1300/J029v15n04_03.

Stewart, S. H.., Karp, J. Pihl. R. O., & Peterson, R. A. (1997). Anxiety sensitivity and self-reported reasons for drug use. Journal of Substance Abuse, 9(4), 223-240. doi:10.1016/S0899-3289(97)90018-3

Sun, J., Buys, N., Stewart, D., & Shum, D. (2011). Mediating effects of coping, personal and social support on the relationship among stress, depression, and smoking behavior in university students. Health Education, 111(2), 133-146. doi:10.1108/09654281111108544.

Sussman, S., Pentz, M., Spruijt-Metz, D., & Miller, T. (2006). Substance abuse treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 1(1), 15. doi:10.1186/1747-597x-1-15.

Swicher, J. D., Shute, R. E., & Bibeau, D. (2018). Assessing drug and alcohol abuse: An instrument for planning and evaluation. Measuring and Evaluation in counceling and Development, 17(2), 91-97. doi:10.1080/07481756.1984.12022752.

Teter, C. J., McCabe, S. E., LaGrange, K., Cranford, J. A., & Boyd, C. J. (2006). Illicit use of specific prescription stimulants among college students: Prevalence, motives, and routes of administration. Pharmacotherapy, 26(10), 1501–1510. doi:10.1592/phco.26.10.1501.

Turner, J. C., Leno, E. V., & Keller, A. (2013). Causes of mortality among American college students: A pilot study. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 27(1), 31–42. doi:10.1080/87568225.2013.739022.

Turner, B. J., Lynch, K. G., & Ma, J. (2018). Association between substance use and depression and suicide attempts among college students: A longitudinal study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 229, 270–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.040

Voelker, R. (2004). Stress, sleep loss, and substance abuse create potent receipt for college depression. JAMA, 291(18), 2177-2179. doi:10.1001/jama.291.18.2177

Volkow, N. D., Koob, G. F., & McLellan, A. T. (2016). Neurobiologic advances from the brain disease model of addiction. New England Journal of Medicine, 374(4), 363–371. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1511480

Watkins, W. C. (2016). Prescription drug misuse among college students. Journal of Drug Issues, 46(3), 216-233.

Weyandt, L. L., Oster, D. R., Marraccini, M. E., Gudmundsdottir, B. G., Munro, B. A., Zavras, B. M., & Kuhar, B. (2013). Prescription stimulant medication misuse: Where are we and where do we go from here? Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 21(5), 385–394. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033326

White, A., & Hingson, R. (2013). The burden of alcohol use: Excessive alcohol consumption and related consequences among college students. Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 35(2), 201–218. doi.org/10.1037/t69599-000.

Wittchen, H.-U. (2002). Generalized anxiety disorder: Prevalence, burden, and cost to society. Depression and Anxiety, 16(4), 162–171. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10065

Yang, L., Zhao, Y, Wang, Y., Liu, L., Zhang, X., Li, B., & Cui, R. (2015). The effects of psychological stress on depression. Current Neuropharmacology, 13(4), 494-504. doi:10.2174/1570159x1304150831150507.

Yazedjian, A., Toews, M. L., & Navarro, A. (2009). Exploring parental factors, adjustment, and academic achievement among white and Hispanic college students. Journal of College student Development, 50(4), 458-467. doi.org/10.1353/csd.0.0080

Downloads

Additional Files

Published

2026-01-02

How to Cite

Avdija, A., & Akgul, A. (2026). Effects of Differential Stress and Mental Health on Substance Use among College Students. Journal of Psychological Perspective, 8(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.47679/jopp.8113232026

Issue

Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026)

Section

Original Research Articles

Citation Check

License

Copyright Policy

Journal of Psychological Perspective (JOPP) is committed to promoting academic freedom and open access. To that end, we apply a copyright policy that empowers authors while ensuring the broad dissemination and responsible reuse of published work.

  • Authors retain the full copyright of their published manuscripts.
  • By publishing in JOPP, authors grant the journal the right of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0).
  • This license permits others to:
    • Share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format),
    • Adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially),
    • As long as appropriate credit is given, a link to the license is provided, and derivative works are distributed under the same license.
  • Authors may:
    • Deposit and share the published version of their work in institutional repositories or personal websites.
    • Enter into separate, non-exclusive distribution agreements, provided that original publication in JOPP is properly cited.

Licensing and Copyright for Data Publication

To promote transparency, reproducibility, and ethical integrity in research, Journal of Psychological Perspective adopts the following policies regarding the publication of research data:

  • Copyright Ownership: Authors retain copyright over the datasets they submit or make available in connection with their articles.
  • Default License: All data associated with a published manuscript must be shared under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0), unless otherwise agreed upon with the editor.
  • Permitted Use: This license allows others to use, modify, and distribute the dataset (including for commercial purposes), provided that attribution is given to the original authors and that derivative works are shared under the same terms.
  • Repository: Authors are strongly encouraged to deposit copies of their accepted manuscripts in institutional repositories or subject-specific archives. (e.g., OSF, Zenodo, Figshare) and include citations and links to the datasets in the article.
  • Ethical and Legal Responsibility: Authors must ensure:
    • The data shared do not breach confidentiality, privacy, or legal agreements.
    • Informed consent has been obtained where necessary.
    • Data have been properly anonymized where applicable.
  • Alternate Licenses: In exceptional cases, alternative data licenses (e.g., CC0, Open Data Commons) may be considered upon editorial approval. A written justification must be submitted and published alongside the article.
  • Corrections or Retractions: If issues related to published data arise (e.g., ethical breaches, significant errors), JOPP reserves the right to take corrective action in accordance with the COPE Retraction Guidelines. Please read our policy about retraction of articles

Similar Articles

<< < 1 2 3 4 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.